The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between narcissism and aggression in male Bodybuilders. This research was a descriptive correlational one in which the participants were all Tabrizian male Bodybuilders who had regularly attended at least one sustained year and at least two days per week at the gym. The subjects were 161 volunteer athletes with an average age of 24.96±6.528. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) Ruskin & Hall (1979) and Ahvaz Aggression Inventory (AAI) Zahedifar (1375) were used to collect the data. Regression analysis wasused to analyze data. The results of hypothesis testing show that there is a significant positive relationship between narcissism and each dimension of aggression. In this relationship only self-sufficiency, one component of the adaptive narcissism scale had no significant association with aggression components. Finally, narcissism can be a particularly important factor in the occurrence of aggression in society.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic infects athletes in different ways, and some ceased their training due to the pandemic. Many others reduced their workout due to the closure of sports venues, and some could continue their training as usual for a while. Objectives: The aims of this study can be divided into two categories: (1) test the between-group effect of different levels of training over six weeks and (2) test the within-group changes regarding body composition and fitness levels. Methods: Thirty-six male Bodybuilders (age = 24 - 33) with at least two years of training experience volunteered to participate. The athletes were divided into two groups, those who were healthy and continued their training program (CTR, n = 12), those who were healthy and ceased their training program (HWT, n = 12), and athletes who were infected and ceased their training program (INF, n = 12). The maximal muscle strength in a chest press and squat before and after weeks was measured in the participants. In addition, skinfolds were used to examine body composition changes over the six weeks. Pre-pandemic anthropometric and physiological parameters of these subjects were available from their clubs. Before athletes returned to exercise in training groups, cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, dizziness, syncope, tachycardia, and respiratory symptoms such as cough, sneezing, sore throat, asthma, and bronchial hypersensitivity after infection were assessed and recorded. One-way analysis was used to compare pre-and post-parameters, and Tukey post-hoc tests were used to assess the significance. Results: Post-test results revealed Bodybuilders infected with the COVID-19 virus had significantly greater weight and lean body mass losses than the other two groups. Also, their 1RM squat and chest press exercises decreased more (P < 0.005). Clinical manifestations of the disease showed a return to normal ranges following two weeks of training. Conclusions: Lack of training caused changes in body composition and upper- and lower-body muscle strength of Bodybuilders. If the cessation of training coincided with the COVID-19 infection, the intensity of these changes was exacerbated. It is recommended that training of those who have recovered from the coronavirus should be closely monitored for at least two weeks so that medical interventions can be promptly provided if necessary.

Elective tonsillectomy remains one of the most commonly performed operations in otolaryngology, with postoperative hemorrhage (PTH) being the most significant potential complication. Anecdotal evidence among ENT Surgeons suggested that bodybuilding athletes may be at increased risk of suffering from PTH, a notion corroborated by a recent case report, regarding primary PTH. The problem has been attributed to muscle-enhancing dietary supplements, or androgenic anabolic steroid abuse, albeit without satisfactory explanation regarding the mechanism of potential action. That is because, blood coagulation tests performed preoperatively are typically normal, and extensive blood coagulation workup postoperatively is not suggestive of any bleeding tendency. We recently came across two cases of PTH in male patients practicing body building. Both were in their mid-twenties, had regularly been using muscle enhancing dietary supplements, and occasionally androgenic anabolic steroids; the first up to four months preoperatively, whereas the second was still an active user at the time of the tonsillectomy. The first patient experienced five episodes of PTH, from the fourth until the 23rd postoperative day, and required bipolar cautery in theatre on the first two occasions, with the latter three episodes being managed with oxygen peroxide-soaked tamponade in an outpatient setting. The second patient experienced persistent intraoperative bleeding and two postoperative PTHs on the first and 11th day, requiring bipolar cautery in theatre. Pre-and postoperative blood coagulation workup were normal in both patients, and abdominal U/S did not suggest a fatty liver. Hence, the condition of the tonsillar vasculature remained as the last potentially implicated part of the patients’ bleeding tendency. Indeed, vascular fragility resulting from pressure and minor traumas is known to be a potential complication of hypercorticism (i. e. anabolic steroid abuse), and incipient vasculitis may be associated with high protein and amino-acid intake for muscle enhancement, due to the occurring oxidative stress and the ensuing free radical cascade. PTH is a common emergency encountered in ENT surgical practice, affecting 2. 5-4. 1% of patients with normal coagulation studies. However, bodybuilding enthusiasts may represent a subgroup of an otherwise healthy population with higher potential risk of PTH, not only requiring appropriate preoperative informed consent, with frank account of the substances used for performance enhancement, but also increased perioperative vigilance, and prolonged period of postoperative observation. ENT Surgeons should be aware of the increased possibility of PTH even in apparently healthy and fit bodybuilding enthusiasts, and the necessity of repeated surgical management in most of these cases.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) use among Bodybuilders in different cities of Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 380 Bodybuilders utilizing convenience sampling from different cities of Pakistan, including Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Quetta, Peshawar, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad. The study was conducted over a period of 6 months from January 2019 to June 2019. The sample included male Bodybuilders aged 18 to 50 years. The basic demographic sheet and a self-designed form were used to collect data. SPSS software v. 21 was utilized for statistical analysis. The chi-square test was used to observe any relationship with P<0. 05 as significant. Results: The current study showed a prevalence of 109 (28. 68%) AAS use in Bodybuilders with testosterone being most commonly used. A total of 54 people (49. 5%) used self-administration, 38 people (34. 9%) used it for the short-term while 27 people (24. 8%) used it in long-term. Bodybuilders were mostly inspired by peers 73 (67%) and encouraged by coaches 62 (56. 9%) to use AAS. Regarding knowledge of AAS, its usage, benefits, and side effects, the majority (89%) had little or no knowledge. Conclusion: The study concludes that the use of AAS is quite prevalent among Bodybuilders in Pakistan with 28. 68% of AAS mainly using testosterone preparation, and Bodybuilders of age 20 to 40 mainly consuming AAS. Peers were the main inspiration for most (67%) and encouraged by their coaches to use AAS (56. 9%).